Analysis of keystone species of some Wild species of Birds and Mammals of Jharkhand Plateau, India.
M. C. Mahata
Ex- Professor & Former HOD Zoology,
R.U., Ranchi – 834008
Email : mahatamanik@rediffmail.com
&
Kalpana Mohanta (Retd. Reader & HOD in Botany)
Udala College, Udala- 757041
Abstract
Keystone species play important role to flourish many species of Wild birds and mammals in their natural state as well as to other species of the animal kingdom. They belong to plant and animal groups and constitute important food item for some wild birds and mammals. Once in the forested coverage of Jharkhand plateau, the keystone species were quantitatively existing in many varieties, but in few decades back i.e., in very recent past, they are depleted so much so, that they forced many wild birds and mammalian species either to be depleted to a very thin number or to be vanished locally from the scene of forested coverage of the plateau. The birds and mammalian species which are on the path of vanishing include - Crovus macrohynus Wagler, Gracula religiosa (Linn.), Pastor fuscus (Wagler), Pastor roseus (Linn.), Acridotheres tristis (Linn.), P. krameri borealis (Neumann), Pavo cristatus (Linn.), Gallus gallus murghi (Robison and Kloss) while wild mammals include Cynopterus sphinx sphinx (Vahl), C. brachyotis (Miiller), C. marginatus (F. Cuvier), Macaca mulatta mulatta (Zimmermann) and Presbytis entellus entellus (Dufresne) etc.
The keystone species of the above mentioned wild birds and mammalian species are – Maduca Indica L., Ficus cunia (Buch., F. hispida (Linn. f), Disopyros melanoxylon (Linn.), Buchanania lanzan (Spreng), Aegel marmelos (L.) Corr., Trichila conoroides (Wright and Arn)), Syzizium carophyllifolium (Lam.), Terminalia chebula (Retz.), and Ziziphus spp. etc.
The keystone species of wild carnivore mammalian species as named above comprises of common Lepus nigricollis ruficadatus Geoffry, Sus scrofa cristatus (Wagner), Tragulus memina (Erxleben), Muntiacus mutjack vaginalis (Boddaert), Axis axis axis (Erxleben), Cervus duvauceli duvaveceli Cuvier, Antelope cervicapra rupicapra (Miller) and Bos gaurus (Smith). These species are on the path of vanishing or some of them are already vanished from the forested coverage of the plateau because of over hunting while celebrating the traditional hunting festival, the Bisu or Dishu Sendra, illegal felling of trees by anti social elements, unplanned construction of Dams and roads in the forested coverage of the plateau.
The affected carnivore mammalian species due to vanishing nature of the afore said keystone species are – Panthera tigris tigris (Linn.), Hyaena hyaena hyaena (Linn.), Canis lupus pallipes (Sykes), Canis aureus (Hodgson), C. primaevus (Hodgson), and Vulpus begalensis (Shaw). These named wild mammals are either very thinly populated or are vanished (e.g. Tiger and Dhole) from the present forested coverage of the plateau except Betla national park and some sanctuaries (e.g. Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary).
The presently existing keystone species of wild birds and mammals could only be kept alive in the forested coverage of the plateau for thousand of years to come, if some strict management and conservation measures should be taken at an earliest time by the authorities concerned of the state.
Keywords : Keystone species, Jharkhand plateau, Wild, Birds, Mammals.
Analysis of keystone species of some Wild species of Birds and Mammals of Jharkhand Plateau, India.
M. C. Mahata (Former HOD)
P.G. Dept. of Zoology,
R.U., Ranchi – 834008
Email : mahatamanik@rediffmail.com
&
Kalpana Mohanta (Retd. Reader & HOD in Botany)
Udala College, Udala- 757041
Introduction
A keystone specie is that makes an unusual strong contribution to community structure or processes. The vanishing of keystone species can make many other members of the community vulnerable to extinct. Some individuals taxa may function as keystone species, it is more common that sets of species will function in that regard.
The goal of analysing keystone species for any community is to determine membership in that minimal set of species that has disproportionate effects on the rest of the community and to focus over conservation efforts on these set.
Thus, an accounts of keystone species in details are lacking except for a few species, the present work, therefore is taken up, to provide information of keystone species of wild birds and mammals of the Jharkhand plateau (India)
Jharkhand plateau was once one of the heaviest wooded tracts of India. It has now been shrinked to 14% according to remote sensing agency, as such a den of wild life (100 years ago) both qualitatively and quantitatively become desolate for a variety of wild life specially to those of some birds and mammals. The desolation occurred on account of local traditional hunting festivals like Bishu or Dishu sendra, Basa and Basi sendra or Sikar parva, illegal felling of trees by antisocial elements, unplanned construction of dams (reservoirs) and roads in the forested coverage as well as setting up of Industries and factories in the forested coverage, reckless leasing out of forest land in recent past for the purpose like running bricksklein, exploiting gravels and mining, unexpected forest fires from February to mid April every year, spread of germs viruses and diseases, inflicted by habitat loss, population explosion and gradual increase of green house gases etc.
Materials and Methods
The present findings is the observation of field study of last few decades in several important forested coverage including the accessible and inaccessible parts of the plateau in time to time, asking and questioning ecosystem people, consultation of old and recent literature, news papers, districts gazettes, research works of other researchers of the related field and consultation with media persons.
Observation
The recorded observations during the study period are presented in tabular form, in below –
Keystone species Vernacular names / common name Present Status Birds / Mammalians species subsist on
1 2 3 4
PLANTS
Family: Anacardiaceae
1. Lannea cormendilica
(Hoult)
Mai, Rajmohi, Jia(O); Nanam(K); Doka (S, Kurmali); Jhingan, Mobin (Hindi), Mai, Mowai (Khond); Joel (Beng); Apriyada (Tamil).
Very rare
Fruits form important food item in March-June every year for many wild species of birds.
namely – Crovus splenderx (Vicill), House crow/kak, Kowa, C. macrohynus, (Wagler)- Jungle crow/Ban Kowa L: Dard Kak.
Gracula religiosa(L)- Hill maina , Junglee maina; Pastor roseus(L) – Lal maina or red maina; Acridotheres tristis (L)- Deshi Maina or Sabo; Pastor roseus Wagl- Pahari maina, Sturnus tristis (L), Common maina; Passer domesticus (L) House sparrow/Choti; Crocopus phoenicopterus (Lathan)- Green Pigeon or Hadial,
2.Mangifera indica L.
Ambo, Amba(o); Uli; K, S) Ui(S), Am (H, B); Maha, Mask (kondh); Amm (Kurmali); Mimidi, Mammadi (tamil); Mango (Eng). Wild variety is scarcely present. Rousettus leschenaulti leschenaulti (Desmarest)-Fulvous fruit. Bat/Chamgidar/ Badli; Cynopterus sphinix sphinx (Vahl) – Chamgidar or short nosed fruit Bat; Psittacula krameri borealis (Neumann)- Northern ringrosed Parakeet or Tiya or Tota or Parrot; P. alexandri fasciata (Miiller)- Indian Red breasted Parakeet or Parrot or Manda and P. cynocephala bengalensis (Forster)- Northern Blossom- headed Parakeet or Fultuse or Tiya or Tota.
3.Buchanania lanzen Spreng
Char (O. Kond); Tarub (Kol), Tarop (S); Piar, Pial (Kharw); Piyal Piar, Chironjii (H); Sarapappu, Morti (Tamil); Piyal (Kurmali); Almondette (English) Very Rare Crovus macrohynus (Wagler), Jungle crow or Ban Kowa or Dard Kak; Gracula religiosa (L), Hill maina, Junglee maina; Sturnus tristis (L) – common maina; Pastor fuscus Wagl.- Paharimaina; Psittacula krameri borealis (Neumann)- Tiya or Tota or Parrot or Northern ring rose parakeet; and Cyropterus sphinx sphinx (Vahl)- a mammal- chamgidar or short nosed fruit Bat.
4. Semecarpus anacardium L.
Bhalia (O.K); Balia (O); Soso (K.S); Bhelwa (H, Karwah); Bhela (Beng, Kurmali); Nallijdi, Chakalijdi, Bhallatiki (Tamil), Marking nut tree (Eng) Very Rare Psittacula krameri borealis (Neumann); P. alexandri fasciata (Miiller)- Indian Red breasted Parakeet; and Gracula religiosa (L);
5.Spondias pinnata (L.f.)
Ambada, Ambota, Amta(O), Ambo(H); Amburu (Mundari); Amar(Th), Amra (Kharwa), Ambra (Bengali, Bhumij); Srena (Knodh); Adda-Vimbamidi, Toura maamidi (Tamil); Hogpulm (Eng) Rare in foot hill area and human locality Psittacula krameri borealis (Neumann); Petaurista petaurista phillippensis (Eliiot), Giant flying squirrel; Funambulus palmarum palmarum, (L)- Palm squirrel; F. pennanti (Wroughton), striped squirrel
Fam: Meliaceae
6.Azadirachta indica A.Juss
Limba (O), Neem (O, Bengali, H, Kurmali); Nimba (Suo, Kondh, Santhali), Yupa, Vepa (Tamil); Morgosa, Neem Tree (Eng) Rare in Jungle and Human habitation area Crovus splenderx (Vicill);
C. macrohynus (Wagler); Gracula religiosa (L); Acridotheres tristis (L)- Deghimaina/ Sabo/ Salik; Sturnus tristis (L)- and Psittacula krameri borealis (Neumann) ;
7. Soymida febrifuga (Roxb.)
Sohan, Swan (O), Rahara (Bhumij, Lodha, Kurmali), Ruhen (Santhali); Rohan (Kharw, Bengali); Rohina (Bing) Very Rare Psittacula krameri borealis (Neumann); Rousettus leschenaulti leschenaulti (Desmarest); Cynopterus spinx spinx (Vahl); Rutafa indica centralis Ryley
Fam: Moraceae
8.Ficus cunia Buch-Ham
Bhui dumri, patkuli, Kharsal, Purhei, Gadima, Podia (O); Dohi, Dosi, Pode, Kuji Dumri (Kandh)
Phodho Kuri (O); Horpodo (Santhali); Bhoka Dombur, Dumar, Jajya Dumar, Kurli (Beng); Khewnau, Khurkur, Khain, Khenan, Jarphali (H); Bomaria mari, Boma Matti (T) Very rare Crovus splenderx (Vicill); Pastor roseus (L)-; Acridotheres tristis (L); Funambulus pennanti.
9. F. bengalensis L.
Baro (O); Bare (Mundari, Santhali), Bad, Bar (Beng., Kurmali); Bar (H); Bandang (Kondh); Bot, Bargad (Beng., H, Kurmali) Rare Crovus splenderx (Vicill); Pastor roseus (L); Acrido-theres tristis (L); Passer domescticus (L); Crocopus phoenicopterus (Lathan); Gracula religiosa (L); Psittacula krameri borealis; (Neumann), Rousettus leschenaulti leschenaulti (Desmarest); and Cynopterus sphinx sphinx (Vahl); Funumbulus Pennanti, Rutufa indica centralis
10. F. heterophyla L.
Bhui Durmur (O, Beng); Ganthi Sanada (O); A Ho- Dumri (Kol); Gaori speora, Ghoti-Sheora (Beng); Burani (Tamil); Bhaulk Dumur (Kurmali) Rare in foot hill area As above
11. F. hispida L.
Kharsen, Dumri, Bai dimira (O); Sosokera (K); Damur, Seta Podo(So); Dumar (Kharw); Damura (Oraon); Dumur, Kalo Dumar (Beng, Kurmali); Khagsa, Daduri, Dagurim) Gobla, Katgadasia (H), Bodaminmidi, Brammamadi (T) Ravine part of mountains Corvus macrohynus, Gracula religiosa, Pastor fuscus, Crocopus phoeinicopterus, Rousettus leschenaulti leschenaulti
12.F. religiosa L.
Pipal (O, Hindi); Pipalo, Aswatta, Jori, Usto(O); Pippada (Kondh); Heser, Tepe-hesa (Kol); Hesak (S); Asvath, Asathwa (Beng.); Pipar(K); Rai, Ragi, Ravi, Ashvathamu, Bodhi, Pippali (T); Peepal (Eng); Pakud (Kurmali) Rare in Human habitation area, Not seen in forested coverage As in Serial No. 09
13. F. virens Ait
Pakado, Kuajari(O); Baswesa, Besahesa, Pepe-hesa, Jojohesa (K); Pakare (S); Jadi (Kondh); Pakur (Beng.), Pakar, Pakari (Ho); Badi jurvi, Jali, Juva (Tamil); Pakud (Kurmali) Very rare in human habitation area As in Serial No. 09
Fam: Euphorbiaceae
14. Phyllanthus emblica L.
Anola(O); Amla (O, H, Beng, Kurmali); Anura(Kol); Meral (S); Ener (Sao); Amlaki (Beng); Amla Karu, Usirikai (T), Emblic my robalan (Eng) In the Ravine and mountainous part of the forested coverage Psittacula krameri borealis (Neumann); P. alexandri fasciata and Funambulus pennanti.
15. Disopyros molanoxylon Roxb
Kendu (O, Bhumij, H, Beng); Duri, Duringi (Kondh); Tend (Kharw); Tiril, Teral (Kol, S); Tendu, Timburni (Ho), Tamki,. Maneigata, Nallatumki (T) Not Common Gracula religiosa; Pastor roseus; Acridotheras tristis; Psittacula krameri borealis; Macaca m. mulatta (Zimmermann); and Presbytis entellus entellus (Dufresne)
Fam : Rutaceae
16. Aegle marmelos (L)
Belo, Baelo (O); Bel (H, Beng, Kurmali); Sinjo (S); Lahagari (Kol); Bella (Kondh); Bael Tree (Eng.) Rare/ Uncommon Petaurista petaurista philippensis; Elephus maximu indicus Cuvier, Funumbulus palmarum plamarum.
Fam: Moraceae
17. Atrocarpus heterophyllus Lam.
Panasa(O), Pudusi (Kondh); Kanhar (Kol, San); Kathal (Beng., H, Kurmali); Jack Tree (Eng)
Uncommon
Macaca m. mulatta; Presbytes entellus entellus; Petaurista petaurista philippensis; Rousettus leschenaulti Ischenaulti and Cynopterus brachyotis (Miiller)
18. A. laucha Roxb.
Jeola, Jautha (O); Lolai (Kondh); Daho, Dahu, (K, S, H); Dephal, Mahar (Beng); Dahua (Beng, H); Derujo (Baphal, Dahu Lakuch (H); Mammaregu, Lakuchamu, Nakkarenu (T); Monkey Jack (Eng.) Rare/ Uncommon Macaca m. mulatta; Presbytis entellus entellus, Petaurista petaurista philippensis; Funambulus pennanti;
petaurista p. phillipensis; Funambulus palmarum palmarum
Fam: Combrataceae
19. Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb.)
Dahu, Dou (O); Sirkutta (Sao); Hesel (K, S); Dahura (H, O); Dhaunta (Kharw); Dao (Kurmali)
Rare
Psittacula krameri borealius; P. alexandri fasciata; Crovus, macrohynchus; Gracula religiosa; Pastor fuscus; Macaca m. mulatt;, Presbytis entellus entellus; Petaurista petaurista philippensis; Rousetus leschenaulti leschenaultia; and Cynopterus brachiotis;
Fam: Anlangiaceae
20. Alangium salvifolium (L.f)
Aisa, Dhala ankal, Ankula (O); Dela, Dhela (S, Kharw); Dhedkala (Sao); Akel, Dhalanakala (Kondh); Ankol (K); Ankula, Dolanta (Oraon); Ankura, Akarkanta (Beng); Akola (Ho); Ankolamu (Tamil)
Uncommon
Pastor roseus; Sturnus trisits; and Acridotheres tristis.
Fam: Meliaceae
21. Trichilia connaroides (Wight & Arn)
Raiphal (O), Kandyor (K,S, Kurmali); Bonga sindhuri (Ho); Kapiakushi (Beng),
Sakra (S)
Rare/May be vanished locally
Psittacula krameri boreali; P. alexandri fasciata; Crovus macrohynchus; Gracula religiosa and Cynoptrus brachiotis
Fam: Myrtaceae
22.Syzygium caryophyllifollium (Lam)
Chota Jamb (O); Bura-Kenda (Kol); Birkod (S); Khudi Jam (Kurmali)
Very Rare
Gracula religiosa, Pastor roseus; Acridotheres tristis; Pastor fuscus; P. roseus; Sturnopastor capensis; Uroloncha striata, Passer domesticus; Psittacula krameri borealis; Corcopus phoenicopterus; Pavo cristatus.
23. S. cumini (L).
Jamu (O); Neredu (Sao); Majli Jam (Kurmali); Jamun (H); Nerada (Tamil); Jamo (Beng) Rare As Above
24. S. fracticosum D.C.
Kala Jamun (Beng); Bhalu Jamun (O); Badjam (Kurmali) Very Rare As Above
Fam: Sapindaceae
25. Schleichera olesosa (Lour)
Kusum (O, Kharw, Bath, H, Beng, & Kurmali); Rusam, Swad Kusum (O), Daru( K, S); Kuhumu (Kondh); Kosangi (Sao); Kosano (Beng.); Kashma (Ho); Puska, Busi, Modakapalusu & Botanja (Tamil)
Scatteredly found in the forest and in human habitation area.
Psittuculla krameri borealis; Pastor rosecus; P. fuscus; Acridotheres tristis; Sturnopastor capensis and Uroloncha stirata.
Fam: Combretaceae
26. Terminalia bellerica
(Gaertn)
Bahada (O, Krumali); Thara, Thanda (Tamil); Lupung (Kol); Lopog (Santhali); Bahera (H); Bohera (Beng.); Belleric myrobalan (Eng.)
Very Rare; on the vanishing path
Psittacula krameri borealis; Pastor roseus; Sturnus tistis; Acridotheres tristis; Funambulus pennant; Petausista petausista phillipensis; Rousettus leschenaulti leschenaulti
27. T. chebula Retz.
Harida (O); Rola (K,S); Hadra (Oraon); Haru, Hataki (H, Beng, Kurmali); Kasaphal (O); Karakkya (Tamil); Karka (Sao); Chebulic Myrobalan (Eng) Very Rare on the Path of vanishing As Above
Fam: Rhamnaceae
28. Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.
Barokoli, Bodokuli, Bodori, Boyer, Karakuli (O), Janumjan (Kol); Janjanum (Kol, S); Bodori (Mundari), Dedaori Janum (P); Dhani (Kharw); Koli (Sao); Kool, Boroi (Beng.), Kool, Kuil (Kurmali); Ber (H, Beng), Baer (H); Reegu, Rengha, Gangereegu, Regikera, Kandhava, Gongorenu (Tamil); Indian Jujube or Common jujube(Eng)
Commonly found in some area but are fading day by day.
Psittacula krameri borealis; Pastor roseus; Sturnus tristis; Acridotheres trisits; Funambulus pennanti.
29. Z. oenoplia (L).
Kantakoli, Kontai Koli, Barakoli, Kanak Koli, Tinkadi (O); Kantakoli (O, Kurmali); Dathora (Kharw); Siakul, Shiakul, Mankua, Jhurkol, Jangle Kul (Beng); Makai, Malloh (H); Paranu, Pariki, Paraki, Barka, Paragi, Paringi, Banka Parike (Tamil); Jackle Jujube (Eng.); Saial- Kul (Kurmali)
Rare and in fading state
Cania aureus indicus; Hodgson (Asiatic Jackle)
Fam: Caesalpin- laceae
30. Tamarindus indica L.
Kaiyan, Tentuli, Tentul (O, Beng); Neling, Teten, Lili (Kondh); Jajo (K); Jojos(S); Imli, Titar (H); Chinta (Tamil); Tamarind tree (Eng)
Rare and in vanishing state
Psitaculla krameri borealis; P. Alexendri fasciata; Funamelus palmarum plamarum; F. pennanti and Cynopterus brachyotis.
Fam: Mimosaceae
31. Acacia nilotica(L)
Babur (O,S,K); Bambur, Babulo (O), Babla, Gabla (S, K); Babla (Kurmali); Kikar (Ho); Nalla tumha (Tamil); Black Babul Tree (Eng)
Uncommon found here and there
Psitacula krameri borealis; Pastor roseus; Funambutus pennanti.
Fam: Cucurbitaeae
32. Solena amplexicaulus (Lam)
Karkaria, Matka, Makirla, Bankundri (O); Bankundri, Junglee Kundri (Kurmali); Chengor (Santhali); Chengo (Kol); Ban-Kundri (Ho, Beng); Chengor (Oraon); Tura (Kond); Tarali, Bana Kundri (H), Thiyya donta (Tamil)
Rare and in vanishing State
Lepus negricollis ruficadatus; Funambulus pennanti; Hytrix indica indica; Kerr and members of families Tragulidae, Cervidae and Bovidae (Of class- Mammalia)
Fam: Dioscoreaceae
33. Dioscorea hispida Dennst.
Ban Alu (Kurmali); bainy Alu (O); Kolo (S); Bajang Samga (Kol); Karu Kandu, Baichandi (H); Tella gini geddala, Pulidampa (Tamil)
As Above
As Above
Fam: Myrtaceae
34. Pisidium guajava L.
Pijuli (O); Jama (Tamil); Anjir (Kurmali); Piara (H, Beng); Guava (Eng)
Rare and Wild variety is in the path of fading
Psitaculla kramari borealis; Pastor roseus; Sturnnus tristis; Acridotheres fuscus; Funambulus pennanti; F. palmarum palmarum; Petaurista petaurista phillipensis; Rutafa indica centralis; Vendeluria oleracea oleracea (Bennett); Rousettus leschenaulti leschienaulti and Cynopterus sphinx sphinx
Fam: Annonieaceae
35. Aunona squamosa L.
Ata (O); Mandargom Kandal (S); Nenwa, Mandal (Kol); Ata, Sitaphal (Beng.); Saripha (H); Sitaphalam, Sitapandu (Tamil); Madail, Mandar (Kurmali); Custard Apple (Eng)
Rare in wild
Psittacula krameri borealis; Pastor roseus; Sturnnus tristis; Acridotheres fuscus; Funambalus pennanti and Pycnotus jocosus (L).
Fam: Fabaceae
36. Pueraria tuberosa (Wild)
Bhui Kakharu, Handiphuta, Bhuikumra, Patal Kumra, (Kui); Tirra, Patial Khonda (Kharw); Pathal Badra (Gond); Marda tunga (Khond), Shimia bataji (Beng); Ban Kurma, Patal Kurma, Bharda, Bidari Kond (Ho); Dari Gummad, (Tamil), Indian Kadzu (Eng), Ban-Kumra (Kurmali)
Rare
Lepus negricollis ruficaudatus and Elephus maxmimus indicus.
37. Phaseolus lunatus L.
Ban- barbati (Beng.); Sam Karsam , Bali- Pali (Ho); Lobiya (Punjabi); Rangoon bean, Lima bean; (Eng), Ban Ghaghra (Kurmali)
Rare
As above
Fam: Poaceae
38. Dendrocalanus strictus (Roxb.)
Karil (Beng, Kurmali); Saliabanso, Salimbo bans, (O); Maranga, Dera, Deralla (Kondh); banso (O, Sao); Banso Korodi (Bondo); Buramat (S); Mathamsoring (Kol); Bans Kasan, Bans Khurd, Kopar, Narbans (H); Salanapa, Veduru, Pen veduru (Tamil)
On the path of vanishing in wild state
Elephus maximus indicus and tender shoots eaten by the wild animals as named in Sl. No.36.
Fam: Moraceae
39. Moras australis Poir
Tutkuli, Tutkulia, Chunch Kali, Tud Gachha (O); Tut (O, Beng., H); Tunt (Kurmali); Sahtut (H); Putika (Tamil)
Rare
Pastor roseus; Sturnus tristis; Acridotheres fuscus; Funumbulus pennanti and F. palmarum plamarum.
Fam: Cucurbitaceae
40. Momordica diocia Roxb.
Kankar(O); Bankarla, Ghee Karla (Kurmali); Kankard, Kankad (O), Ochen (K); Kanchan Arak (S); Bankerela (Beng); Kaksa, Kara (H); Puagakara, Agakara (T)
Lepus negricollis ruficaudatus; Funambulus pennanti; Hytrix indica indica, and members of families- Tragulidae, Bovidae and Cervidae (of class mammalia)
Fam: Capparaceae
41. Capparis zeylanca Linn.
Ashaduwa, Ashadua, Oserwa, Hatinkula, Sabbi (O); Kalokora, Bagnai (Beng); Ardanda (H); Atonda, Adonda (T); Gaterna(K); Bagnahim, (Kharw); Ashadi Phal (Kurmali)
Psittacula krameri borealis; Funbambulus pennanti and F. palmarum palmarum
Fam: Sapotaceae
42. Madhuca Indica Gmel
Moha, Madgi (O); Mahula (O, Beng.); Mahua (O, Kondh, Koya, Sao, H); Natkam (K); Mohul (Kondh); Mahwa, Maul (Beng.), Mohwa, Mauwa (H); Aba(Sao), Ippachettu (T); Mahul Kachda (Kurmali); Butter Tree (Eng.)
Once widely distributed but now thin in occurrence
Psittacula krameri borealis; Pastor roseus; Sturnus tristris; Acridotheres fuscus; Gracula religiosa; Passer domesticus; Crocopus phoenicopterus; Crovus splenderx; C. macrohynus; Rousettus leshcenaulti leschenaulti; Cynopterus sphinx sphinx; Rutafa indica centralis; Funambulus pennanti and Petaurista p. phillipensis
Animals
MAMMALIA
Order: Lagomorpha
Fam: Leporidae
1. Lepus nigricollis ruficaudatus Geoffroy
Rufous tailed Hare/ Common Indian Hare/ Kharra/ Sasru/ Khorgosh/ Lama (Hindi)
Very rare; on the path of extinction
Canis lepus pallipes Sykes (Wolf; Nekda, Hurar, Landag/ Lakra); Vulpes bengalensis (Shaw) (Bengal fox, Indian fox, Kheker, Khirkir, Kheksial);
Cania aureus indicus Hodgson – (Asiatic Jackle, Gidhar, Sial, Siar); Cunom alpines primaevus (Hodgson) (Dhole or Indian wild Dog, Junglee Kutta, Sona Kutta, Ramkutta, Ban Kutta); Hyaena hyaena hyaena (L)- (Striped Hyaena, Hundar Harbag, Lakkar bagha, Gadha Lakra), Felis chaus kutas Pearson- (Jungle cat, Kotas, Machbhondar); Panthera tigris tigris (Tiger Sher, Sherni, Baugh) & Panthera pardus fusca Meyer (Lepard, Tendwa, Chitabagh).
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Suidae
2.Sus scrofa cristatus Wagner
Wild boar, Ban Suar, Junglee Suwar, Ban Bhora
Rare; on the Path of fading.
Canis lupus pallipes; Panthera tigrist tigris; Cunon alpinus primaevus and Panthera pardus fusca.
Fam: Tragulidae
3.Tragulus memina Erxleben
Indian spotted chevrotain or Mouse deer, musk deer, kastara
Once the animal was occurring in Dalma wildlife sanctuary (Sahi- 1977) and in Betna National Park (Roy-Choudhury- 1961) Now a days it has been vanished.
Canis lupus pallipes, Cunon alpines primaevus; Panthera pardus fusca; Panthera tigris tigris; Cania aureus indicus and Hyaena hyaena hyaena
Fam: Cervidae
4.Muntiacus muntjack vaginalis (Boddaert)
Indian Muntjack, Barking deer
On the verge of extinction A few found in Betla National park
Panthera pardus fusca and Panthera tigris tigris.
5. Axis axis axis
(Erxleben) Spotted Deer, Chittal Rare, found in a little number in sanctuaries and National park of the plateau. Panthera tigris tigris; Panthera pardus fusca, and Canis lupus pallipes
6.Cervus unicolar niger Balinville (Rusa aristotelis) Sambar, Sambar Stag Found only in Sanctuaries and National Park in fewer number As Serial No.5
7.Cervus duvauceli duvauceli Cuvier
Swamp Deer, / Bara Singha, Potia Harin Now extinct locally it was reported by Bhola Nath-1950 from the Jungle of Singhbhum Plateau Panthera tigris tigris are Panthera pardus fusca.
Family: Bovidae
8.Bos gaurus Smith Indian Bison/ Gaur, Junglee Buffalo, Ban gau. Found only in Betla National Park. I had seen the animal in the Summer in 1972 in the Park . Now probably vanished As Above (Sl No. 7)
9. Antilops cerivcapra rupicapra Miiller Black buck, Indian Antelope; Harin, Kalsar Vanished from the plateau As Above (Sl No. 7)
10. Boselaphus trugocamelus Pallas Nilgai, Roz, Blue bull Rare, at present found in Palamau district i.e. Betla National Park
Panthera tigris tigris and Panthera pardus fusca.
11. Tetracerus quadricornis Blainville Four horned antelope, Chausingha Rare may or may not found in Hazaribag and Palamua districts. As above
12. Gazella gazella bennetti (Sykes) Indian Gazelle, Chinkara, Ravine deer As above As above
Discussion
The depletion of keystone species is one of the main factors of fading of many species of wild birds and mammals in the Jharkhand plateau (as mentioned in the table under observation). Some of these are locally vanished or extinct. The main factors of depletion of the keystone species are- (i) Habitat destruction (ii) Illegal felling and cutting of fruit bearing trees, herbs, shrubs and climbers by antisocial elements and invaders. (iii) Killing and hunting of wild mammalian species by hunters during traditional hunting festivals- as Basi shikar, Yoni sikar and Bisu or Disu sendra in different parts of the plateau during different seasons of a year. (iv) Lack of adequate protective measures by the authorities concerned and (v) improper plantation of valueless trees, herbs, shrubs or climbers avoiding the indigenous species that constitute keystone items of many birds and mammals.
According to records available in literature of past one hundred years ago the trees, herbs, shrubs and climbers like- Lannea coromadilica, Mangifera indica (wild form), Azadiracta indica, Soymida fabrifuga, Ficus spp., Buchanania langen, Semecarpus anacardium, Spondias pinnata, Phyllanthus emblica, Disopyros melanoxylon, Aegel marmelos, Atrocarpus heterophylus, A. lucucha, Anogeissus latifolia, Alangium salvifolium, Trichilia connaroides, Syzygium spp., Scheleichera oleosa, Terminalia bellerica, T. chebula, Ziziphus spp., Tamarindus indica, Acacia nilotica, Solenia amplexicaulus, Dioscorea hispida, Pisidium gaujava, Annona squamosa, Pureraria tuberosa, Phaseolus lunatus, Dendrocalamus strictus, Moras australis, Momordica diocea, Capparis zeylanca and Madhuca indica etc. were occurring abundantly and plentifully in the plateau. But in the recent years many of these named plant species became very rare and some of them are locally vanished causing acute shortage of fruit plants which were constituting that form the main item of food, seasonally to many wild birds and mammalian spp.
The plant species those are very rare or on the path of fading (or are completely vanished from the plateau) namely are – Lannea coromandilica, Mangifera indica (wild variety), Buchanania lanzen, Semecarpus anacardium, Spondias pinnata, Soymida febrifuga, Ficus cunia, Ficus heterophyla, Ficus hispida, F. bengalensis, F. religiosa, F. virens, Phyllanthus emblica, Disopyros melanoxylon, Aegle marmelos, Atrocarpus spp., Angeiosus latifolia, Trichilia connaroids, Syzigium fracticosum, Schleichera oleosa, Tarminalia bellerica, T. chebula, Zizzphys mauritiana, Ziziphus oenoplia, Tamarindus indica, Pisidium guajava, Dendrochalamus strictus, Moras australis, Momordica diocia, Capparis zeylanca and Madhuca indica.
While mass scale plantation on the occasion of “Van Mahastava” or the state Government’s various plantation schemes, the above named different plants, herbs, shrubs or climbers should be planted in thinly forested and deforested areas by raising plants from seeds or raising plants by cutting branches of a plant in place of exotic species or non fruits bearing species which may help to conserve many wild forms of birds as mentioned in the text, as they constitute keystone species (i.e. they constitute important items of food) in different seasons in a year.
The mammalian keystone species of many wild carnivore mammals e.g. Lepus nigrcollis, Ruficaudatus, Sus scorfa cristatus, Tragalus memina, Muntiaccus muntjack vaginalis, Axis axis axis, Cervus uniolor niger, Cervus duvauceli duvauceli, Bos gauras, Antelope cervicapra, Gazelle gazelle benneti have been faded to greater extent or locally vanished causing many carnivore mammals of the plateau to be vanished or to be very rare which were roaming abundantly in the forest of the Plateau in 50-60 years back or even up to recent decades. These are namely Acinonyx zubatus venaticus (Griffith) was present in the forest of Saranda according to Merveyn Smith 1904 (as reported by Shahi (1971)). This animal was very fond of Gazella gazelle benneti, Boselaphus tragocamellus and the Panthera tigris tigris (two or three) only are existing now-a-days in the Palamau National Park near Daltonganj. This animal completely vanished from other reserved and unreserved jungles of the plateau due to acute shortage of their keystone species like Tragulus memina, Muntiaccus muntjack vaginalis, Axis axis axis, Cervus unicolor niger, Antelope cervicapra rupicapra, Tetracerus quadricornis and other large herbivores. The other carnivores are Canis lupus pallipes, Vulpus bengalensis, Cania aureus indicus, Cunon alpinus primaevus, Hyaena hyaena hyaena, Felis chaus kutas and Panthera pardus fusca are either very thinly populated or on the path of vanishing due to non availability of Keystone species in the Jungles of the plateau.
However, the major factors as mentioned before, are also much causative for fading or vanishing of the above named wild birds and mammals in addition to the keystone species as mentioned before.
To conserve the vanishing birds and wild carnivore mammalian species, special attention to be given to restore the destructed habitats of the aforesaid group of birds and mammals by adopting varied means and avenues of indigenous tree plantation particularly the fruits bearing species as mentioned under observations and implementing captive breedings techniques for both herbivores like Lepus nigricollis ruficacudatus, Axis axis axis, Cervous unicolor niger, Cervus duvauceli duvauceli, Bos gaurus, Antilope cervicapra rupicapra, Boslaphus tragocamelus, Tetracerus quadricornis, and Gazella gazelle benneti and carnivores like Panthera tigris tigris, Panthera Pardus fusca, Hyaena hyaena hyaena etc. and by artificial insemination techniques for some animals like Acinonyz jubatus jubatus and Bats under 15-25 years planned programmes with sufficient funding –provision for the purpose by the authorities concerned in consultation with the central and state Government and introducing the grown up forms of the ex-situ state in the restored habitats to bring back the lost eco-condition of the plateau.
Conclusion:
To identify more keystone species with theirs detail ecological status and to conserve them with a corresponding species, special research priority with policy priority in the creation of appropriate legislation to accord keystone species specifically in the Jharkhand state (and in the country) should be given immediately by the concerning authorities.
References:
1 Alfred J.R.B. et al :2006: Animals of India, Mammals, Envis Cent, Z.S.I., Kolkata-96; 236
2 Alii, S. & Repley S.D. :1968-1974: Handbook of Birds of India and Pakistan, 1-10 Vols, Oxford University Press, Bombay
3 Ara, Jamal :1953” Count of Birds nests in a small town Doranda Suburb of Ranchi, Bihar State, J. Bombay nat. History Soc. Bombay: 51: 839-846
4 Baker, E.C.S. :1922-30: The fauna of British India Birrds, 2nd Ed. 1-8 Vols. Taylor and Francis London.
5 Ball, V. :1874: On the avifauna of Chuti (Chota) Nagpur Division, SW Frontiers of Bengal, Stray Feathers 2:355-440
6 Mahata M.C. et al :2010: Mammalian Fauna and their conservational aspects in Tata Steel Zoological Park, East- Singhbhum, Jharkhand; Biodiversity and Human Welfare (Narendra Publ. House, Delhi-6); 45-61
7. Mahata Manik Ch. :1983-1985: Wild life in Chhotnagpur Plateau ARANYAK, Tata College, Chaibasa Publication 89-107
8 Mahata M.C. and Mohanta Kalpana :2006: Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary with reference of Bisu Sandra An overview ; ZSI MU, Gaya (Bihar);141-155
9 _______________ :2008: Wildlife of Ayodhya Hill (of Baghmundi under Purulia District, W.B) Proc. Internal Conf. Biodiv. Conserv. & Mgt, 606-615
10 Mahata M.C. et al :2009: On the diversity of Terrestrial Wild flora and Craniates fauna of Mayurbhanj District (Orissa) with reference to their strategies for Conservation; Biodiversity and Wildlife (Alpha Pub. New Delhi-2); 215-229
11 Mahata M.C. et al :2010: Climate changes and its effect on Wild Mammalian Diversity in the Hotspots of the Chhotnagpur Plateau (Jharkhand, India); Nat. Sem. Bio. Conserv. Fish Manoj; 79 (abst)
12 Mahata M.C. et al :2010: Traditional Hunting Festivals – One of the vanishing factor of Some wildlife diversity in the so called Jharkhand Plateau (India); Nat. Environ Sc. Academy, New Delhi-19 (23rd Annual Conference ), 46-47 (Abst)
13 Nath, Bhola :1951” On collection of mammals from Chotnagpur Bihar; Rec. Indian Mus. 48, 29-44
14. Pocock, R.I. :1939: The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma, Mammalia, Vol-I, Priamtes and carnivore (in part), Taylor and Francis, London
15. _____________ :1941: The fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma, Mammlia Vol. II Carnivora, Taylor and Francis, London
16. S.K. Mahatao et. al. :2010: Conservation and Management of Wild life in the state of Jharkhand, India, IBID; 45 (Abst)
17. S.K. Mahato , S. Rani & Mahata, M.C. :2010: Ex-situ study of Breeding Behaviour and Parental care in Leopard, Panthera pardus, Bioresearches for rural livelihood, Vol II, 411-117,( Narendra Publ. Hosue, new Delhi)
18. Swarup C. et al :2004: Endangered and extinct Mammalian fauna of Singhbum Plateau with reference to recent past and present status; Protected habitats and Biodiversity (Nature Conservators Publ) 8, 187-196
19. Meffe, K. Grey & Caroll, Ronald, C. :1988: Conservation Biology; 586
M. C. Mahata
Ex- Professor & Former HOD Zoology,
R.U., Ranchi – 834008
Email : mahatamanik@rediffmail.com
&
Kalpana Mohanta (Retd. Reader & HOD in Botany)
Udala College, Udala- 757041
Abstract
Keystone species play important role to flourish many species of Wild birds and mammals in their natural state as well as to other species of the animal kingdom. They belong to plant and animal groups and constitute important food item for some wild birds and mammals. Once in the forested coverage of Jharkhand plateau, the keystone species were quantitatively existing in many varieties, but in few decades back i.e., in very recent past, they are depleted so much so, that they forced many wild birds and mammalian species either to be depleted to a very thin number or to be vanished locally from the scene of forested coverage of the plateau. The birds and mammalian species which are on the path of vanishing include - Crovus macrohynus Wagler, Gracula religiosa (Linn.), Pastor fuscus (Wagler), Pastor roseus (Linn.), Acridotheres tristis (Linn.), P. krameri borealis (Neumann), Pavo cristatus (Linn.), Gallus gallus murghi (Robison and Kloss) while wild mammals include Cynopterus sphinx sphinx (Vahl), C. brachyotis (Miiller), C. marginatus (F. Cuvier), Macaca mulatta mulatta (Zimmermann) and Presbytis entellus entellus (Dufresne) etc.
The keystone species of the above mentioned wild birds and mammalian species are – Maduca Indica L., Ficus cunia (Buch., F. hispida (Linn. f), Disopyros melanoxylon (Linn.), Buchanania lanzan (Spreng), Aegel marmelos (L.) Corr., Trichila conoroides (Wright and Arn)), Syzizium carophyllifolium (Lam.), Terminalia chebula (Retz.), and Ziziphus spp. etc.
The keystone species of wild carnivore mammalian species as named above comprises of common Lepus nigricollis ruficadatus Geoffry, Sus scrofa cristatus (Wagner), Tragulus memina (Erxleben), Muntiacus mutjack vaginalis (Boddaert), Axis axis axis (Erxleben), Cervus duvauceli duvaveceli Cuvier, Antelope cervicapra rupicapra (Miller) and Bos gaurus (Smith). These species are on the path of vanishing or some of them are already vanished from the forested coverage of the plateau because of over hunting while celebrating the traditional hunting festival, the Bisu or Dishu Sendra, illegal felling of trees by anti social elements, unplanned construction of Dams and roads in the forested coverage of the plateau.
The affected carnivore mammalian species due to vanishing nature of the afore said keystone species are – Panthera tigris tigris (Linn.), Hyaena hyaena hyaena (Linn.), Canis lupus pallipes (Sykes), Canis aureus (Hodgson), C. primaevus (Hodgson), and Vulpus begalensis (Shaw). These named wild mammals are either very thinly populated or are vanished (e.g. Tiger and Dhole) from the present forested coverage of the plateau except Betla national park and some sanctuaries (e.g. Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary).
The presently existing keystone species of wild birds and mammals could only be kept alive in the forested coverage of the plateau for thousand of years to come, if some strict management and conservation measures should be taken at an earliest time by the authorities concerned of the state.
Keywords : Keystone species, Jharkhand plateau, Wild, Birds, Mammals.
Analysis of keystone species of some Wild species of Birds and Mammals of Jharkhand Plateau, India.
M. C. Mahata (Former HOD)
P.G. Dept. of Zoology,
R.U., Ranchi – 834008
Email : mahatamanik@rediffmail.com
&
Kalpana Mohanta (Retd. Reader & HOD in Botany)
Udala College, Udala- 757041
Introduction
A keystone specie is that makes an unusual strong contribution to community structure or processes. The vanishing of keystone species can make many other members of the community vulnerable to extinct. Some individuals taxa may function as keystone species, it is more common that sets of species will function in that regard.
The goal of analysing keystone species for any community is to determine membership in that minimal set of species that has disproportionate effects on the rest of the community and to focus over conservation efforts on these set.
Thus, an accounts of keystone species in details are lacking except for a few species, the present work, therefore is taken up, to provide information of keystone species of wild birds and mammals of the Jharkhand plateau (India)
Jharkhand plateau was once one of the heaviest wooded tracts of India. It has now been shrinked to 14% according to remote sensing agency, as such a den of wild life (100 years ago) both qualitatively and quantitatively become desolate for a variety of wild life specially to those of some birds and mammals. The desolation occurred on account of local traditional hunting festivals like Bishu or Dishu sendra, Basa and Basi sendra or Sikar parva, illegal felling of trees by antisocial elements, unplanned construction of dams (reservoirs) and roads in the forested coverage as well as setting up of Industries and factories in the forested coverage, reckless leasing out of forest land in recent past for the purpose like running bricksklein, exploiting gravels and mining, unexpected forest fires from February to mid April every year, spread of germs viruses and diseases, inflicted by habitat loss, population explosion and gradual increase of green house gases etc.
Materials and Methods
The present findings is the observation of field study of last few decades in several important forested coverage including the accessible and inaccessible parts of the plateau in time to time, asking and questioning ecosystem people, consultation of old and recent literature, news papers, districts gazettes, research works of other researchers of the related field and consultation with media persons.
Observation
The recorded observations during the study period are presented in tabular form, in below –
Keystone species Vernacular names / common name Present Status Birds / Mammalians species subsist on
1 2 3 4
PLANTS
Family: Anacardiaceae
1. Lannea cormendilica
(Hoult)
Mai, Rajmohi, Jia(O); Nanam(K); Doka (S, Kurmali); Jhingan, Mobin (Hindi), Mai, Mowai (Khond); Joel (Beng); Apriyada (Tamil).
Very rare
Fruits form important food item in March-June every year for many wild species of birds.
namely – Crovus splenderx (Vicill), House crow/kak, Kowa, C. macrohynus, (Wagler)- Jungle crow/Ban Kowa L: Dard Kak.
Gracula religiosa(L)- Hill maina , Junglee maina; Pastor roseus(L) – Lal maina or red maina; Acridotheres tristis (L)- Deshi Maina or Sabo; Pastor roseus Wagl- Pahari maina, Sturnus tristis (L), Common maina; Passer domesticus (L) House sparrow/Choti; Crocopus phoenicopterus (Lathan)- Green Pigeon or Hadial,
2.Mangifera indica L.
Ambo, Amba(o); Uli; K, S) Ui(S), Am (H, B); Maha, Mask (kondh); Amm (Kurmali); Mimidi, Mammadi (tamil); Mango (Eng). Wild variety is scarcely present. Rousettus leschenaulti leschenaulti (Desmarest)-Fulvous fruit. Bat/Chamgidar/ Badli; Cynopterus sphinix sphinx (Vahl) – Chamgidar or short nosed fruit Bat; Psittacula krameri borealis (Neumann)- Northern ringrosed Parakeet or Tiya or Tota or Parrot; P. alexandri fasciata (Miiller)- Indian Red breasted Parakeet or Parrot or Manda and P. cynocephala bengalensis (Forster)- Northern Blossom- headed Parakeet or Fultuse or Tiya or Tota.
3.Buchanania lanzen Spreng
Char (O. Kond); Tarub (Kol), Tarop (S); Piar, Pial (Kharw); Piyal Piar, Chironjii (H); Sarapappu, Morti (Tamil); Piyal (Kurmali); Almondette (English) Very Rare Crovus macrohynus (Wagler), Jungle crow or Ban Kowa or Dard Kak; Gracula religiosa (L), Hill maina, Junglee maina; Sturnus tristis (L) – common maina; Pastor fuscus Wagl.- Paharimaina; Psittacula krameri borealis (Neumann)- Tiya or Tota or Parrot or Northern ring rose parakeet; and Cyropterus sphinx sphinx (Vahl)- a mammal- chamgidar or short nosed fruit Bat.
4. Semecarpus anacardium L.
Bhalia (O.K); Balia (O); Soso (K.S); Bhelwa (H, Karwah); Bhela (Beng, Kurmali); Nallijdi, Chakalijdi, Bhallatiki (Tamil), Marking nut tree (Eng) Very Rare Psittacula krameri borealis (Neumann); P. alexandri fasciata (Miiller)- Indian Red breasted Parakeet; and Gracula religiosa (L);
5.Spondias pinnata (L.f.)
Ambada, Ambota, Amta(O), Ambo(H); Amburu (Mundari); Amar(Th), Amra (Kharwa), Ambra (Bengali, Bhumij); Srena (Knodh); Adda-Vimbamidi, Toura maamidi (Tamil); Hogpulm (Eng) Rare in foot hill area and human locality Psittacula krameri borealis (Neumann); Petaurista petaurista phillippensis (Eliiot), Giant flying squirrel; Funambulus palmarum palmarum, (L)- Palm squirrel; F. pennanti (Wroughton), striped squirrel
Fam: Meliaceae
6.Azadirachta indica A.Juss
Limba (O), Neem (O, Bengali, H, Kurmali); Nimba (Suo, Kondh, Santhali), Yupa, Vepa (Tamil); Morgosa, Neem Tree (Eng) Rare in Jungle and Human habitation area Crovus splenderx (Vicill);
C. macrohynus (Wagler); Gracula religiosa (L); Acridotheres tristis (L)- Deghimaina/ Sabo/ Salik; Sturnus tristis (L)- and Psittacula krameri borealis (Neumann) ;
7. Soymida febrifuga (Roxb.)
Sohan, Swan (O), Rahara (Bhumij, Lodha, Kurmali), Ruhen (Santhali); Rohan (Kharw, Bengali); Rohina (Bing) Very Rare Psittacula krameri borealis (Neumann); Rousettus leschenaulti leschenaulti (Desmarest); Cynopterus spinx spinx (Vahl); Rutafa indica centralis Ryley
Fam: Moraceae
8.Ficus cunia Buch-Ham
Bhui dumri, patkuli, Kharsal, Purhei, Gadima, Podia (O); Dohi, Dosi, Pode, Kuji Dumri (Kandh)
Phodho Kuri (O); Horpodo (Santhali); Bhoka Dombur, Dumar, Jajya Dumar, Kurli (Beng); Khewnau, Khurkur, Khain, Khenan, Jarphali (H); Bomaria mari, Boma Matti (T) Very rare Crovus splenderx (Vicill); Pastor roseus (L)-; Acridotheres tristis (L); Funambulus pennanti.
9. F. bengalensis L.
Baro (O); Bare (Mundari, Santhali), Bad, Bar (Beng., Kurmali); Bar (H); Bandang (Kondh); Bot, Bargad (Beng., H, Kurmali) Rare Crovus splenderx (Vicill); Pastor roseus (L); Acrido-theres tristis (L); Passer domescticus (L); Crocopus phoenicopterus (Lathan); Gracula religiosa (L); Psittacula krameri borealis; (Neumann), Rousettus leschenaulti leschenaulti (Desmarest); and Cynopterus sphinx sphinx (Vahl); Funumbulus Pennanti, Rutufa indica centralis
10. F. heterophyla L.
Bhui Durmur (O, Beng); Ganthi Sanada (O); A Ho- Dumri (Kol); Gaori speora, Ghoti-Sheora (Beng); Burani (Tamil); Bhaulk Dumur (Kurmali) Rare in foot hill area As above
11. F. hispida L.
Kharsen, Dumri, Bai dimira (O); Sosokera (K); Damur, Seta Podo(So); Dumar (Kharw); Damura (Oraon); Dumur, Kalo Dumar (Beng, Kurmali); Khagsa, Daduri, Dagurim) Gobla, Katgadasia (H), Bodaminmidi, Brammamadi (T) Ravine part of mountains Corvus macrohynus, Gracula religiosa, Pastor fuscus, Crocopus phoeinicopterus, Rousettus leschenaulti leschenaulti
12.F. religiosa L.
Pipal (O, Hindi); Pipalo, Aswatta, Jori, Usto(O); Pippada (Kondh); Heser, Tepe-hesa (Kol); Hesak (S); Asvath, Asathwa (Beng.); Pipar(K); Rai, Ragi, Ravi, Ashvathamu, Bodhi, Pippali (T); Peepal (Eng); Pakud (Kurmali) Rare in Human habitation area, Not seen in forested coverage As in Serial No. 09
13. F. virens Ait
Pakado, Kuajari(O); Baswesa, Besahesa, Pepe-hesa, Jojohesa (K); Pakare (S); Jadi (Kondh); Pakur (Beng.), Pakar, Pakari (Ho); Badi jurvi, Jali, Juva (Tamil); Pakud (Kurmali) Very rare in human habitation area As in Serial No. 09
Fam: Euphorbiaceae
14. Phyllanthus emblica L.
Anola(O); Amla (O, H, Beng, Kurmali); Anura(Kol); Meral (S); Ener (Sao); Amlaki (Beng); Amla Karu, Usirikai (T), Emblic my robalan (Eng) In the Ravine and mountainous part of the forested coverage Psittacula krameri borealis (Neumann); P. alexandri fasciata and Funambulus pennanti.
15. Disopyros molanoxylon Roxb
Kendu (O, Bhumij, H, Beng); Duri, Duringi (Kondh); Tend (Kharw); Tiril, Teral (Kol, S); Tendu, Timburni (Ho), Tamki,. Maneigata, Nallatumki (T) Not Common Gracula religiosa; Pastor roseus; Acridotheras tristis; Psittacula krameri borealis; Macaca m. mulatta (Zimmermann); and Presbytis entellus entellus (Dufresne)
Fam : Rutaceae
16. Aegle marmelos (L)
Belo, Baelo (O); Bel (H, Beng, Kurmali); Sinjo (S); Lahagari (Kol); Bella (Kondh); Bael Tree (Eng.) Rare/ Uncommon Petaurista petaurista philippensis; Elephus maximu indicus Cuvier, Funumbulus palmarum plamarum.
Fam: Moraceae
17. Atrocarpus heterophyllus Lam.
Panasa(O), Pudusi (Kondh); Kanhar (Kol, San); Kathal (Beng., H, Kurmali); Jack Tree (Eng)
Uncommon
Macaca m. mulatta; Presbytes entellus entellus; Petaurista petaurista philippensis; Rousettus leschenaulti Ischenaulti and Cynopterus brachyotis (Miiller)
18. A. laucha Roxb.
Jeola, Jautha (O); Lolai (Kondh); Daho, Dahu, (K, S, H); Dephal, Mahar (Beng); Dahua (Beng, H); Derujo (Baphal, Dahu Lakuch (H); Mammaregu, Lakuchamu, Nakkarenu (T); Monkey Jack (Eng.) Rare/ Uncommon Macaca m. mulatta; Presbytis entellus entellus, Petaurista petaurista philippensis; Funambulus pennanti;
petaurista p. phillipensis; Funambulus palmarum palmarum
Fam: Combrataceae
19. Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb.)
Dahu, Dou (O); Sirkutta (Sao); Hesel (K, S); Dahura (H, O); Dhaunta (Kharw); Dao (Kurmali)
Rare
Psittacula krameri borealius; P. alexandri fasciata; Crovus, macrohynchus; Gracula religiosa; Pastor fuscus; Macaca m. mulatt;, Presbytis entellus entellus; Petaurista petaurista philippensis; Rousetus leschenaulti leschenaultia; and Cynopterus brachiotis;
Fam: Anlangiaceae
20. Alangium salvifolium (L.f)
Aisa, Dhala ankal, Ankula (O); Dela, Dhela (S, Kharw); Dhedkala (Sao); Akel, Dhalanakala (Kondh); Ankol (K); Ankula, Dolanta (Oraon); Ankura, Akarkanta (Beng); Akola (Ho); Ankolamu (Tamil)
Uncommon
Pastor roseus; Sturnus trisits; and Acridotheres tristis.
Fam: Meliaceae
21. Trichilia connaroides (Wight & Arn)
Raiphal (O), Kandyor (K,S, Kurmali); Bonga sindhuri (Ho); Kapiakushi (Beng),
Sakra (S)
Rare/May be vanished locally
Psittacula krameri boreali; P. alexandri fasciata; Crovus macrohynchus; Gracula religiosa and Cynoptrus brachiotis
Fam: Myrtaceae
22.Syzygium caryophyllifollium (Lam)
Chota Jamb (O); Bura-Kenda (Kol); Birkod (S); Khudi Jam (Kurmali)
Very Rare
Gracula religiosa, Pastor roseus; Acridotheres tristis; Pastor fuscus; P. roseus; Sturnopastor capensis; Uroloncha striata, Passer domesticus; Psittacula krameri borealis; Corcopus phoenicopterus; Pavo cristatus.
23. S. cumini (L).
Jamu (O); Neredu (Sao); Majli Jam (Kurmali); Jamun (H); Nerada (Tamil); Jamo (Beng) Rare As Above
24. S. fracticosum D.C.
Kala Jamun (Beng); Bhalu Jamun (O); Badjam (Kurmali) Very Rare As Above
Fam: Sapindaceae
25. Schleichera olesosa (Lour)
Kusum (O, Kharw, Bath, H, Beng, & Kurmali); Rusam, Swad Kusum (O), Daru( K, S); Kuhumu (Kondh); Kosangi (Sao); Kosano (Beng.); Kashma (Ho); Puska, Busi, Modakapalusu & Botanja (Tamil)
Scatteredly found in the forest and in human habitation area.
Psittuculla krameri borealis; Pastor rosecus; P. fuscus; Acridotheres tristis; Sturnopastor capensis and Uroloncha stirata.
Fam: Combretaceae
26. Terminalia bellerica
(Gaertn)
Bahada (O, Krumali); Thara, Thanda (Tamil); Lupung (Kol); Lopog (Santhali); Bahera (H); Bohera (Beng.); Belleric myrobalan (Eng.)
Very Rare; on the vanishing path
Psittacula krameri borealis; Pastor roseus; Sturnus tistis; Acridotheres tristis; Funambulus pennant; Petausista petausista phillipensis; Rousettus leschenaulti leschenaulti
27. T. chebula Retz.
Harida (O); Rola (K,S); Hadra (Oraon); Haru, Hataki (H, Beng, Kurmali); Kasaphal (O); Karakkya (Tamil); Karka (Sao); Chebulic Myrobalan (Eng) Very Rare on the Path of vanishing As Above
Fam: Rhamnaceae
28. Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.
Barokoli, Bodokuli, Bodori, Boyer, Karakuli (O), Janumjan (Kol); Janjanum (Kol, S); Bodori (Mundari), Dedaori Janum (P); Dhani (Kharw); Koli (Sao); Kool, Boroi (Beng.), Kool, Kuil (Kurmali); Ber (H, Beng), Baer (H); Reegu, Rengha, Gangereegu, Regikera, Kandhava, Gongorenu (Tamil); Indian Jujube or Common jujube(Eng)
Commonly found in some area but are fading day by day.
Psittacula krameri borealis; Pastor roseus; Sturnus tristis; Acridotheres trisits; Funambulus pennanti.
29. Z. oenoplia (L).
Kantakoli, Kontai Koli, Barakoli, Kanak Koli, Tinkadi (O); Kantakoli (O, Kurmali); Dathora (Kharw); Siakul, Shiakul, Mankua, Jhurkol, Jangle Kul (Beng); Makai, Malloh (H); Paranu, Pariki, Paraki, Barka, Paragi, Paringi, Banka Parike (Tamil); Jackle Jujube (Eng.); Saial- Kul (Kurmali)
Rare and in fading state
Cania aureus indicus; Hodgson (Asiatic Jackle)
Fam: Caesalpin- laceae
30. Tamarindus indica L.
Kaiyan, Tentuli, Tentul (O, Beng); Neling, Teten, Lili (Kondh); Jajo (K); Jojos(S); Imli, Titar (H); Chinta (Tamil); Tamarind tree (Eng)
Rare and in vanishing state
Psitaculla krameri borealis; P. Alexendri fasciata; Funamelus palmarum plamarum; F. pennanti and Cynopterus brachyotis.
Fam: Mimosaceae
31. Acacia nilotica(L)
Babur (O,S,K); Bambur, Babulo (O), Babla, Gabla (S, K); Babla (Kurmali); Kikar (Ho); Nalla tumha (Tamil); Black Babul Tree (Eng)
Uncommon found here and there
Psitacula krameri borealis; Pastor roseus; Funambutus pennanti.
Fam: Cucurbitaeae
32. Solena amplexicaulus (Lam)
Karkaria, Matka, Makirla, Bankundri (O); Bankundri, Junglee Kundri (Kurmali); Chengor (Santhali); Chengo (Kol); Ban-Kundri (Ho, Beng); Chengor (Oraon); Tura (Kond); Tarali, Bana Kundri (H), Thiyya donta (Tamil)
Rare and in vanishing State
Lepus negricollis ruficadatus; Funambulus pennanti; Hytrix indica indica; Kerr and members of families Tragulidae, Cervidae and Bovidae (Of class- Mammalia)
Fam: Dioscoreaceae
33. Dioscorea hispida Dennst.
Ban Alu (Kurmali); bainy Alu (O); Kolo (S); Bajang Samga (Kol); Karu Kandu, Baichandi (H); Tella gini geddala, Pulidampa (Tamil)
As Above
As Above
Fam: Myrtaceae
34. Pisidium guajava L.
Pijuli (O); Jama (Tamil); Anjir (Kurmali); Piara (H, Beng); Guava (Eng)
Rare and Wild variety is in the path of fading
Psitaculla kramari borealis; Pastor roseus; Sturnnus tristis; Acridotheres fuscus; Funambulus pennanti; F. palmarum palmarum; Petaurista petaurista phillipensis; Rutafa indica centralis; Vendeluria oleracea oleracea (Bennett); Rousettus leschenaulti leschienaulti and Cynopterus sphinx sphinx
Fam: Annonieaceae
35. Aunona squamosa L.
Ata (O); Mandargom Kandal (S); Nenwa, Mandal (Kol); Ata, Sitaphal (Beng.); Saripha (H); Sitaphalam, Sitapandu (Tamil); Madail, Mandar (Kurmali); Custard Apple (Eng)
Rare in wild
Psittacula krameri borealis; Pastor roseus; Sturnnus tristis; Acridotheres fuscus; Funambalus pennanti and Pycnotus jocosus (L).
Fam: Fabaceae
36. Pueraria tuberosa (Wild)
Bhui Kakharu, Handiphuta, Bhuikumra, Patal Kumra, (Kui); Tirra, Patial Khonda (Kharw); Pathal Badra (Gond); Marda tunga (Khond), Shimia bataji (Beng); Ban Kurma, Patal Kurma, Bharda, Bidari Kond (Ho); Dari Gummad, (Tamil), Indian Kadzu (Eng), Ban-Kumra (Kurmali)
Rare
Lepus negricollis ruficaudatus and Elephus maxmimus indicus.
37. Phaseolus lunatus L.
Ban- barbati (Beng.); Sam Karsam , Bali- Pali (Ho); Lobiya (Punjabi); Rangoon bean, Lima bean; (Eng), Ban Ghaghra (Kurmali)
Rare
As above
Fam: Poaceae
38. Dendrocalanus strictus (Roxb.)
Karil (Beng, Kurmali); Saliabanso, Salimbo bans, (O); Maranga, Dera, Deralla (Kondh); banso (O, Sao); Banso Korodi (Bondo); Buramat (S); Mathamsoring (Kol); Bans Kasan, Bans Khurd, Kopar, Narbans (H); Salanapa, Veduru, Pen veduru (Tamil)
On the path of vanishing in wild state
Elephus maximus indicus and tender shoots eaten by the wild animals as named in Sl. No.36.
Fam: Moraceae
39. Moras australis Poir
Tutkuli, Tutkulia, Chunch Kali, Tud Gachha (O); Tut (O, Beng., H); Tunt (Kurmali); Sahtut (H); Putika (Tamil)
Rare
Pastor roseus; Sturnus tristis; Acridotheres fuscus; Funumbulus pennanti and F. palmarum plamarum.
Fam: Cucurbitaceae
40. Momordica diocia Roxb.
Kankar(O); Bankarla, Ghee Karla (Kurmali); Kankard, Kankad (O), Ochen (K); Kanchan Arak (S); Bankerela (Beng); Kaksa, Kara (H); Puagakara, Agakara (T)
Lepus negricollis ruficaudatus; Funambulus pennanti; Hytrix indica indica, and members of families- Tragulidae, Bovidae and Cervidae (of class mammalia)
Fam: Capparaceae
41. Capparis zeylanca Linn.
Ashaduwa, Ashadua, Oserwa, Hatinkula, Sabbi (O); Kalokora, Bagnai (Beng); Ardanda (H); Atonda, Adonda (T); Gaterna(K); Bagnahim, (Kharw); Ashadi Phal (Kurmali)
Psittacula krameri borealis; Funbambulus pennanti and F. palmarum palmarum
Fam: Sapotaceae
42. Madhuca Indica Gmel
Moha, Madgi (O); Mahula (O, Beng.); Mahua (O, Kondh, Koya, Sao, H); Natkam (K); Mohul (Kondh); Mahwa, Maul (Beng.), Mohwa, Mauwa (H); Aba(Sao), Ippachettu (T); Mahul Kachda (Kurmali); Butter Tree (Eng.)
Once widely distributed but now thin in occurrence
Psittacula krameri borealis; Pastor roseus; Sturnus tristris; Acridotheres fuscus; Gracula religiosa; Passer domesticus; Crocopus phoenicopterus; Crovus splenderx; C. macrohynus; Rousettus leshcenaulti leschenaulti; Cynopterus sphinx sphinx; Rutafa indica centralis; Funambulus pennanti and Petaurista p. phillipensis
Animals
MAMMALIA
Order: Lagomorpha
Fam: Leporidae
1. Lepus nigricollis ruficaudatus Geoffroy
Rufous tailed Hare/ Common Indian Hare/ Kharra/ Sasru/ Khorgosh/ Lama (Hindi)
Very rare; on the path of extinction
Canis lepus pallipes Sykes (Wolf; Nekda, Hurar, Landag/ Lakra); Vulpes bengalensis (Shaw) (Bengal fox, Indian fox, Kheker, Khirkir, Kheksial);
Cania aureus indicus Hodgson – (Asiatic Jackle, Gidhar, Sial, Siar); Cunom alpines primaevus (Hodgson) (Dhole or Indian wild Dog, Junglee Kutta, Sona Kutta, Ramkutta, Ban Kutta); Hyaena hyaena hyaena (L)- (Striped Hyaena, Hundar Harbag, Lakkar bagha, Gadha Lakra), Felis chaus kutas Pearson- (Jungle cat, Kotas, Machbhondar); Panthera tigris tigris (Tiger Sher, Sherni, Baugh) & Panthera pardus fusca Meyer (Lepard, Tendwa, Chitabagh).
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Suidae
2.Sus scrofa cristatus Wagner
Wild boar, Ban Suar, Junglee Suwar, Ban Bhora
Rare; on the Path of fading.
Canis lupus pallipes; Panthera tigrist tigris; Cunon alpinus primaevus and Panthera pardus fusca.
Fam: Tragulidae
3.Tragulus memina Erxleben
Indian spotted chevrotain or Mouse deer, musk deer, kastara
Once the animal was occurring in Dalma wildlife sanctuary (Sahi- 1977) and in Betna National Park (Roy-Choudhury- 1961) Now a days it has been vanished.
Canis lupus pallipes, Cunon alpines primaevus; Panthera pardus fusca; Panthera tigris tigris; Cania aureus indicus and Hyaena hyaena hyaena
Fam: Cervidae
4.Muntiacus muntjack vaginalis (Boddaert)
Indian Muntjack, Barking deer
On the verge of extinction A few found in Betla National park
Panthera pardus fusca and Panthera tigris tigris.
5. Axis axis axis
(Erxleben) Spotted Deer, Chittal Rare, found in a little number in sanctuaries and National park of the plateau. Panthera tigris tigris; Panthera pardus fusca, and Canis lupus pallipes
6.Cervus unicolar niger Balinville (Rusa aristotelis) Sambar, Sambar Stag Found only in Sanctuaries and National Park in fewer number As Serial No.5
7.Cervus duvauceli duvauceli Cuvier
Swamp Deer, / Bara Singha, Potia Harin Now extinct locally it was reported by Bhola Nath-1950 from the Jungle of Singhbhum Plateau Panthera tigris tigris are Panthera pardus fusca.
Family: Bovidae
8.Bos gaurus Smith Indian Bison/ Gaur, Junglee Buffalo, Ban gau. Found only in Betla National Park. I had seen the animal in the Summer in 1972 in the Park . Now probably vanished As Above (Sl No. 7)
9. Antilops cerivcapra rupicapra Miiller Black buck, Indian Antelope; Harin, Kalsar Vanished from the plateau As Above (Sl No. 7)
10. Boselaphus trugocamelus Pallas Nilgai, Roz, Blue bull Rare, at present found in Palamau district i.e. Betla National Park
Panthera tigris tigris and Panthera pardus fusca.
11. Tetracerus quadricornis Blainville Four horned antelope, Chausingha Rare may or may not found in Hazaribag and Palamua districts. As above
12. Gazella gazella bennetti (Sykes) Indian Gazelle, Chinkara, Ravine deer As above As above
Discussion
The depletion of keystone species is one of the main factors of fading of many species of wild birds and mammals in the Jharkhand plateau (as mentioned in the table under observation). Some of these are locally vanished or extinct. The main factors of depletion of the keystone species are- (i) Habitat destruction (ii) Illegal felling and cutting of fruit bearing trees, herbs, shrubs and climbers by antisocial elements and invaders. (iii) Killing and hunting of wild mammalian species by hunters during traditional hunting festivals- as Basi shikar, Yoni sikar and Bisu or Disu sendra in different parts of the plateau during different seasons of a year. (iv) Lack of adequate protective measures by the authorities concerned and (v) improper plantation of valueless trees, herbs, shrubs or climbers avoiding the indigenous species that constitute keystone items of many birds and mammals.
According to records available in literature of past one hundred years ago the trees, herbs, shrubs and climbers like- Lannea coromadilica, Mangifera indica (wild form), Azadiracta indica, Soymida fabrifuga, Ficus spp., Buchanania langen, Semecarpus anacardium, Spondias pinnata, Phyllanthus emblica, Disopyros melanoxylon, Aegel marmelos, Atrocarpus heterophylus, A. lucucha, Anogeissus latifolia, Alangium salvifolium, Trichilia connaroides, Syzygium spp., Scheleichera oleosa, Terminalia bellerica, T. chebula, Ziziphus spp., Tamarindus indica, Acacia nilotica, Solenia amplexicaulus, Dioscorea hispida, Pisidium gaujava, Annona squamosa, Pureraria tuberosa, Phaseolus lunatus, Dendrocalamus strictus, Moras australis, Momordica diocea, Capparis zeylanca and Madhuca indica etc. were occurring abundantly and plentifully in the plateau. But in the recent years many of these named plant species became very rare and some of them are locally vanished causing acute shortage of fruit plants which were constituting that form the main item of food, seasonally to many wild birds and mammalian spp.
The plant species those are very rare or on the path of fading (or are completely vanished from the plateau) namely are – Lannea coromandilica, Mangifera indica (wild variety), Buchanania lanzen, Semecarpus anacardium, Spondias pinnata, Soymida febrifuga, Ficus cunia, Ficus heterophyla, Ficus hispida, F. bengalensis, F. religiosa, F. virens, Phyllanthus emblica, Disopyros melanoxylon, Aegle marmelos, Atrocarpus spp., Angeiosus latifolia, Trichilia connaroids, Syzigium fracticosum, Schleichera oleosa, Tarminalia bellerica, T. chebula, Zizzphys mauritiana, Ziziphus oenoplia, Tamarindus indica, Pisidium guajava, Dendrochalamus strictus, Moras australis, Momordica diocia, Capparis zeylanca and Madhuca indica.
While mass scale plantation on the occasion of “Van Mahastava” or the state Government’s various plantation schemes, the above named different plants, herbs, shrubs or climbers should be planted in thinly forested and deforested areas by raising plants from seeds or raising plants by cutting branches of a plant in place of exotic species or non fruits bearing species which may help to conserve many wild forms of birds as mentioned in the text, as they constitute keystone species (i.e. they constitute important items of food) in different seasons in a year.
The mammalian keystone species of many wild carnivore mammals e.g. Lepus nigrcollis, Ruficaudatus, Sus scorfa cristatus, Tragalus memina, Muntiaccus muntjack vaginalis, Axis axis axis, Cervus uniolor niger, Cervus duvauceli duvauceli, Bos gauras, Antelope cervicapra, Gazelle gazelle benneti have been faded to greater extent or locally vanished causing many carnivore mammals of the plateau to be vanished or to be very rare which were roaming abundantly in the forest of the Plateau in 50-60 years back or even up to recent decades. These are namely Acinonyx zubatus venaticus (Griffith) was present in the forest of Saranda according to Merveyn Smith 1904 (as reported by Shahi (1971)). This animal was very fond of Gazella gazelle benneti, Boselaphus tragocamellus and the Panthera tigris tigris (two or three) only are existing now-a-days in the Palamau National Park near Daltonganj. This animal completely vanished from other reserved and unreserved jungles of the plateau due to acute shortage of their keystone species like Tragulus memina, Muntiaccus muntjack vaginalis, Axis axis axis, Cervus unicolor niger, Antelope cervicapra rupicapra, Tetracerus quadricornis and other large herbivores. The other carnivores are Canis lupus pallipes, Vulpus bengalensis, Cania aureus indicus, Cunon alpinus primaevus, Hyaena hyaena hyaena, Felis chaus kutas and Panthera pardus fusca are either very thinly populated or on the path of vanishing due to non availability of Keystone species in the Jungles of the plateau.
However, the major factors as mentioned before, are also much causative for fading or vanishing of the above named wild birds and mammals in addition to the keystone species as mentioned before.
To conserve the vanishing birds and wild carnivore mammalian species, special attention to be given to restore the destructed habitats of the aforesaid group of birds and mammals by adopting varied means and avenues of indigenous tree plantation particularly the fruits bearing species as mentioned under observations and implementing captive breedings techniques for both herbivores like Lepus nigricollis ruficacudatus, Axis axis axis, Cervous unicolor niger, Cervus duvauceli duvauceli, Bos gaurus, Antilope cervicapra rupicapra, Boslaphus tragocamelus, Tetracerus quadricornis, and Gazella gazelle benneti and carnivores like Panthera tigris tigris, Panthera Pardus fusca, Hyaena hyaena hyaena etc. and by artificial insemination techniques for some animals like Acinonyz jubatus jubatus and Bats under 15-25 years planned programmes with sufficient funding –provision for the purpose by the authorities concerned in consultation with the central and state Government and introducing the grown up forms of the ex-situ state in the restored habitats to bring back the lost eco-condition of the plateau.
Conclusion:
To identify more keystone species with theirs detail ecological status and to conserve them with a corresponding species, special research priority with policy priority in the creation of appropriate legislation to accord keystone species specifically in the Jharkhand state (and in the country) should be given immediately by the concerning authorities.
References:
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